ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles
Journal of General Virology ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles are a freely available series of concise, review-type articles that provide overviews of the classification, structure and properties of individual virus orders, families and genera.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles are written by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study groups, comprised of leading experts in the field. The profiles summarise the individual chapters from the ICTV’s online 10th Report on Virus Taxonomy, and provide the latest taxonomic information on viruses.
The Microbiology Society is publishing these citable profiles online, while the full chapters are available to all through the ICTV website, thanks to a five-year Biomedical Resources grant from the Wellcome Trust.
Collection Contents
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae 2023
More LessHypoviridae is a family of capsidless viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes of 7.3–18.3 kb that possess either a single large open reading frame (ORF) or two ORFs. The ORFs appear to be translated from genomic RNA by non-canonical mechanisms, i.e. internal ribosome entry site- and stop/restart translation. This family includes the genera Alphahypovirus, Betahypovirus, Gammahypovirus, Deltahypovirus, Epsilonhypovirus, Zetahypovirus, Thetahypovirus and Etahypovirus. Hypovirids have been detected in ascomycetous and basidiomycetous filamentous fungi and are considered to replicate in host, Golgi apparatus-derived, lipid vesicles that contain virus dsRNA as the replicative form. Some hypovirids induce hypovirulence to host fungi, while others do not. This is a summary of the ICTV report on the family Hypoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hypoviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hadakaviridae 2023
More LessThe family Hadakaviridae, including the genus Hadakavirus, accommodates capsidless viruses with a 10- or 11-segmented positive-sense (+) RNA genome. Currently known hosts are ascomycetous filamentous fungi. Although phylogenetically related to polymycovirids with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome and certain encapsidated picorna-like viruses, hadakavirids are distinct in their lack of a capsid (‘hadaka’ means naked in Japanese) and their consequent inability to be pelleted by conventional ultracentrifugation; they show ribonuclease susceptibility in host tissue homogenates. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hadakaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/hadakaviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022
More LessThe family Hepeviridae includes enterically transmitted small quasi-enveloped or non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses infecting mammals and birds (subfamily Orthohepevirinae) or fish (Parahepevirinae). Hepatitis E virus (genus Paslahepevirus) is responsible for self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans; the infection may become chronic in immunocompromised individuals and extrahepatic manifestations have been described. Avian hepatitis E virus (genus Avihepevirus) causes hepatitis–splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hepeviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hepeviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Herpesviridae 2021
More LessDerek Gatherer, Daniel P. Depledge, Carol A. Hartley, Moriah L. Szpara, Paola K. Vaz, Mária Benkő, Curtis R. Brandt, Neil A. Bryant, Akbar Dastjerdi, Andor Doszpoly, Ursula A. Gompels, Naoki Inoue, Keith W. Jarosinski, Rajeev Kaul, Vincent Lacoste, Peter Norberg, Francesco C. Origgi, Richard J. Orton, Philip E. Pellett, D. Scott Schmid, Stephen J. Spatz, James P. Stewart, Jakob Trimpert, Thomas B. Waltzek and Andrew J. DavisonMembers of the family Herpesviridae have enveloped, spherical virions with characteristic complex structures consisting of symmetrical and non-symmetrical components. The linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of 125–241 kbp contain 70–170 genes, of which 43 have been inherited from an ancestral herpesvirus. In general, herpesviruses have coevolved with and are highly adapted to their hosts, which comprise many mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Following primary infection, they are able to establish lifelong latent infection, during which there is limited viral gene expression. Severe disease is usually observed only in the foetus, the very young, the immunocompromised or following infection of an alternative host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Herpesviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/herpesviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepadnaviridae
More LessThe family Hepadnaviridae comprises small enveloped viruses with a partially double-stranded DNA genome of 3.0–3.4 kb. All family members express three sets of proteins (preC/C, polymerase and preS/S) and replication involves reverse transcription within nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Hepadnaviruses are hepatotropic and infections may be transient or persistent. There are five genera: Parahepadnavirus, Metahepadnavirus, Herpetohepadnavirus, Avihepadnavirus and Orthohepadnavirus. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hepadnaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/hepadnaviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Herelleviridae
More LessMembers of the family Herelleviridae are bacterial viruses infecting members of the phylum Firmicutes. The virions have myovirus morphology and virus genomes comprise a linear dsDNA of 125–170 kb. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Herelleviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/herelleviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hytrosaviridae
More LessHytrosaviridae is a family of large, rod-shaped, enveloped entomopathogenic viruses with dsDNA genomes of 120–190 kbp. Hytrosaviruses (also known as salivary gland hypertrophy viruses) primarily replicate in the salivary glands of adult dipteran flies. Hytrosaviruses infecting the haematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly are assigned to two genera, Glossinavirus and Muscavirus, respectively. Whereas muscavirus infections are only overt, glossinavirus infections can be either covert or overt. Overt infections are characterized by diagnostic salivary gland hypertrophy and cause either partial or complete infertility. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hytrosaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/hytrosaviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hypoviridae
More LessThe Hypoviridae, comprising one genus, Hypovirus, is a family of capsidless viruses with positive-sense, ssRNA genomes of 9.1–12.7 kb that possess either a single large ORF or two ORFs. The ORFs appear to be translated from genomic RNA by non-canonical mechanisms, i.e. internal ribosome entry site-mediated and stop/restart translation. Hypoviruses have been detected in ascomycetous or basidiomycetous filamentous fungi, and are considered to be replicated in host Golgi-derived, lipid vesicles that contain their dsRNA as a replicative form. Some hypoviruses induce hypovirulence to host fungi, while others do not. This is a summary of the current ICTV report on the taxonomy of the Hypoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hypoviridae.
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae
More LessThe family Hepeviridae includes enterically transmitted small non-enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses. It includes the genera Piscihepevirus, whose members infect fish, and Orthohepevirus, whose members infect mammals and birds. Members of the genus Orthohepevirus include hepatitis E virus, which is responsible for self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans and several mammalian species; the infection may become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. Extrahepatic manifestations of Guillain–Barré syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy, glomerulonephritis and pancreatitis have been described in humans. Avian hepatitis E virus causes hepatitis–splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Hepeviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hepeviridae.
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