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Journal of General Virology header logo Journal of General Virology

Volume 106, Issue 1

HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity Open Access

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an exemplar virus, still the most studied and best understood and a model for mechanisms of viral replication, immune evasion and pathogenesis. In this review, we consider the earliest stages of HIV infection from transport of the virion contents through the cytoplasm to integration of the viral genome into host chromatin. We present a holistic model for the virus–host interaction during this pivotal stage of infection. Central to this process is the HIV capsid. The last 10 years have seen a transformation in the way we understand HIV capsid structure and function. We review key discoveries and present our latest thoughts on the capsid as a dynamic regulator of innate immune evasion and chromatin targeting. We also consider the accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx because they are incorporated into particles where they collaborate with capsids to manipulate defensive cellular responses to infection. We argue that effective regulation of capsid uncoating and evasion of innate immunity define pandemic potential and viral pathogenesis, and we review how comparison of different HIV lineages can reveal what makes pandemic lentiviruses special.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): capsid , cofactors , HIV , innate immunity , Vpr and Vpx
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • University College London (Award COVID-19 fund)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Medical Research Council (Award MR/Y004205/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Medical Research Council (Award MR/W005611/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Medical Research Council (Award MR/S023380/1)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Rosetrees Trust (Award ID2020/100020)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 214344)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
  • Wellcome Trust (Award 220863)
    • Principle Award Recipient: J. TowersGreg
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
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/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002057
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HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity
J. Gen. Virol. 106, 002057 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002057
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002057
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